Confucius

Chinese philosopher, born in the state of Lu (modern Shantung). Largely self-educated, he married at 19, became a local administrator, and in 531 BC began his career as a teacher. In 501 BC he was appointed Governor of Chung-tu, then minister of works, and later minister of justice. His ideas for social reform made him the idol of the people; but his enemies caused him to leave Lu, and he travelled widely, followed by many disciples. He later edited the ancient writings, and the Confucian Analects, memorabilia compiled soon after his death, are a collection of his sayings and doings. His moral teaching stressed the importance of the traditional relations of filial piety and brotherly respect. No writings can definitely be attributed to him. His teachings later inspired a cult of veneration. Confucianism became the state religion of China, but he was denounced as a class-exploiter during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76). There are now thought to be over 6 million Confucians.